Endocrine Abstracts

Tobacco smoke (TS) is the major cause of lung cancer, including pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors such as small cell lung cancer and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. Unlike squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas, the precursor lesions for subtypes of pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors have not been historically defined, and theexpression of neuroendocrine markers has been served as critical indices for the identification of these tumors. Mitogen-activated protein kinases ...